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<li><a href= "cartografieh0.php">Hoofdstuk 0 Preface</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh1.php">Chapter 1 Geographical Information Science and maps</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh2.php">Chapter 2 Data acquisition</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh3.php">Chapter 3 Map characteristis</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh4.php">Chapter 4 GIS applica?ons: which map to use?</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh5.php">Chapter 5 Map design and production</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh6.php">Chapter 6 Topography</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh7.php">Chapter 7 Sta?stical mapping</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh8.php">Chapter 8 Mapping time</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh9.php">Chapter 9 Maps at work: presen?ng and using geospatial data in maps and atlases</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh10.php">Chapter 10 Maps at work: analysis and geovisualization</a></li>
<li><a href= "cartografieh11.php">Chapter 11 Cartography at work: maps as decision tools</a></li>
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<br>
<h1>Preface</h1><br>
<br>
<h2>Premises and objectives</h2><br>
<br>
This book explains how geospatial data can be visualized and analysed, and shows the background against which the provision and visualization of<br>
geospatial information takes place. It provides awareness of the web both as a spatial data source and as a means for distributing the results of visualizing<br>
this spatial information. As such the contents of this book have changed over time, in order to reflect IT developments: in the preface of the second edi-<br>
tion, written at the beginning of 2002, we signalled the emergence of the World Wide Web as a prime geo-information source and dissemination<br>
medium. Consequently we changed the focus of the book, and that proved to be a good move since the position of the web has strengthened and stabilized<br>
itself. It also stimulated a more integrative approach to problem solving with geo-information (GIScience). Another development stimulated by the web<br>
was the increased use of Spatial Data Infrastructures, for sharing national and global geodata with the professional and general public (under the motto<br>
‘collect once, use many times’). But the largest impact since the second edition of the book was published in 2002 probably has been the advent of<br>
online mapping systems like Google Earth/Maps and Microsoft Virtual Earth. It is their worldwide detailed coverage and the ability for users to add<br>
their own data that form the success factors of these products and that addicted so many people to maps.<br>
The objective of the first edition ( 1996) of this book was to provide sufficient relevant knowledge of cartography for GIS users for the production and<br>
use of effective visualizations of geospatial information. The further development of the Internet since 1996 has boosted the possibilities for interaction and<br>
for querying the databases behind the maps presented there. The number of databases available via the web has increased dramatically and so has the abil-<br>
ity to interact with them (query, process, etc.) online. Maps have acquired an important interface function in this new cyberspace geo-information distribu-<br>
tion environment. If map-making with GIS mainly involved geo-professionals, the World Wide Web potentially allows everyone having access to this new<br>
medium to create maps. The focus of the second edition changed into the provision of sufficient rel-<br>
evant knowledge of cartography/geovisualization concepts and techniques to those accessing the World Wide Web for the production and use of effective vi-<br>
sualizations of geospatial infonnation. Since the World Wide Web is highly interactive, and since it allows one to integrate data files, and to link distributed<br>
databases, this makes maps suitable instruments for exploring these databases. In this third edition we have restructured the content soithat it re?ects the new<br>
status of the web from the start and especially in the main theoretical chapters of the book.<br>
<br>
<h2>Book history and acknowlegdements</h2><br>
<br>
Much of the design processes advocated in this book are still based on the inspiration provided by Jacques Bertin’s book Semiology of Graphics (1983). He<br>
wrote the original French version in 1967 in order to improve the printed maps he was confronted with in the media. The media have changed, and the web is<br>
our new medium now, but the basic cartographic design rules still apply in the new interactive visualization of geospatial data for the World Wide Web.<br>
The first, 1996, edition of this book was developed from a textbook (Cartography: Design, Production and Use of Maps) for cartography students<br>
in the Netherlands, published by Delft University Press in 1993. Since then a Polish edition has been published (1998) and a second edition of the Dutch ver-<br>
sion (1999). Each of these editions in?uenced the subsequent editions in other languages; a Russian translation was published in 2005, followed by an<br>
Indonesian translation in 2007; a digital Japanese edition is planned as well. An inexpensive English edition for the South East Asian market is already in its<br>
second printing. The illustrations in these books were produced by practical cartographers from Del? and Utrecht Universities; the illustrations of the pres-<br>
ent edition have been based on them but have been re-processed and updated by Wim Feringa of ITC, the International Institute for Geolnformation Science<br>
and Earth Observation in Enschede, the Netherlands. Though the book has many references to developments outside the European<br>
Union, most of the cartographic examples refer to Maastricht, the municipality where the treaties were signed in 1992 that led to the introduction of the euro<br>
a decade later. The colour illustrations have a more international outlook. In order not to break the line of thought in the text ovennuch, some coloured<br>
illustrations in the colour sections have also been rendered in black and white in their proper place in the text.<br>
<br>
<h2>Structure</h2><br>
<br>
The book has three distinctive parts. The first five chapters offer the context and basics of maps. The second three (Chapters 6, 7 and 8) each deal with the<br>
components of geospatial data: location, attribute and time. The last three chapters deal with ‘maps at work’ and demonstrate how maps can assist in<br>
problem solving and decision making. These parts are structured as follows: we first discuss in Chapter 1 the place of the map and mapping in the geo-<br>
information enviromnent (GIS, GIScience, and the geospatial data infrastructure, of which the World Wide Web fomis an ever more important part). Then<br>
we show how data are collected (Chapter 2) and present the concepts that are valid in mapping and GIScience (Chapters 3 and 4), Chapter 5 deals with the<br>
necessary analysis of geospatial data prior to their visualization and also offers some basics of map production.<br>
Location is the focus of Chapter 6. It deals with the characteristics of the base map (reference system, projection, relief portrayal and generalization).<br>
Chapter 7 shows the visualization options of attribute data (thematic map types). Chapter 8 discusses the temporal component of geospatial data. From<br>
Chapter 9 onwards the subject matter becomes more advanced: at work with maps and atlases (Chapter 9), at work with maps in a highly interactive geovi-<br>
sualization environment (Chapter 10), and finally in Chapter 1 1 at work with maps for decision-making in a wider context.<br>
<br>
<h2>Updating and access</h2><br>
<br>
As we have rewritten the text in order to accommodate new generations of web browsers, we also use the prime function of the web to keep this book up to<br>
date. Apart from the web, every chapter has its section on books for further reading, while all the references to printed literature are grouped together at the back.<br>
From a society that was used to having free access to printed maps we have evolved to a society used to having free access to geospatial data and maps on<br>
the World Wide Web. Everyone can process and visualize the geospatial data available there and put the resulting maps on the World Wide Web in turn<br>
there is no quality standard against which the material is checked first, before incorporation is permitted, which is acceptable because the very impact of the<br>
web stems from the fact that it is a free medium. But geo-professionals — and cartographers belong to this group » have the responsibility of convincing as<br>
many as possible to keep the tenets of good and responsible design while visualizing the geospatial data, in order to support the process of spatial decision-<br>
making; this refers to a large part of all the cybernetic processes. The decisions based on visualized geospatial data are only as good as the data and the visualizations themselves.<br>
<br>
Menno-Jan Kraak<br>
Ferjan Orrneling<br>
July 2009<br>
<br>
<h1>Acknowledgments</h1><br>
<br>
We are grateful to the following for permission to reproduce copyright material:<br>
<br>
<b>Figures</b><br>
<br>
Figure l.2 adapted from Visualization in Modern Cartography: Setting the Agenda, Pergamon (MacEachren, A. and Taylor, D.R.F. (eds) 1994), copyright<br>
© Elsevier Limited, 1994; Figure 1.9 after ‘GIS Cartography: visual decision support for spatio-temporal data handling’, International Journal of Geo-<br>
graphic Information Systems, 9(6), pp. 637%45 (Kraak, M.J., Muller, J.C. and Ormeling, F.J. 1995), copyright © Taylor & Francis, http://wwwinformaworld.<br>
com; Figure 2.2 after ‘Designing interactive cartographic systems using the concepts of real and virtual maps’, Proceedings of the Sixth International Sym-<br>
posium on Automated Cartography, Auto-Carto 6 paper. Vol II, pp. 53-64 (Moellering, H. 1983), copyright © Auto Carto Six Organising Committee and<br>
Professor Fraser Taylor, Carleton University in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Figure 2.4 from Figure 2 ‘British Isles’ and 2675 ‘English Channel’ Admiralty<br>
Charts. UKI-IO (A00) e United Kingdom Hydrographic Office and Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine copyright © British Crown<br>
copyright, reproduced by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, the UK Hydrographic Off ice (www.ukho.gov.uk) and Service<br>
Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (not to be used for navigation); Figures 2.15 and 2.17 after ‘Klwaliteitsinformatie ter ondersteuning van<br>
de integratie van ruimtelijke gegevens’, Geo-Informatie Nederland (formally Kartogra?sche Tijdschrift), 18(2), pp. 49-55 (I-lootsmans, R.M. and van der<br>
Wel, F.J.M 1992), Dutch Cartographic Society (NVK); Figure 5.7 adapted from Semiology of Graphics (Bertin, Jacques) copyright © 1983 by the Re-<br>
gents of the University of Wisconsin System, reprinted by permission of the University of Wisconsin Press; Figure 6.25 after Muller, J.C., Rybaczuk, K.<br>
and Blakemore, M. (eds), 1991, 15th International Cartographic Conference Proceedings, Boumemouth, International Cartographic Association, Building<br>
knowledge tanks for rule-based generalization, pp. 257—266, copyright © Intemational Cartographic Association; Figure 7.13 from ‘Een model voor de<br>
keuze van vlaksymbolen, I, Geo-lnformatie Nederland (formally Kartogra?sche Tijdschrift), 13(4), pp. 22—27 (Geels, J.H. 1987), Dutch Society of Cartog-<br>
raphy (NVK); Figure 7.16 from International Yearbook of Cartography, "Towards the improvement of the dot map", International Cartographic Associ-<br>
ation (Dahlberg, R.E. 1967) pp.157-167, VII, copyright © International Cartographic Association; Figure 7.21 after Maps and Diagrams, Methuen<br>
(Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H.R. 1971), copyright © Taylor and Francis Books UK 1971; Figure 7.25 from Cartographic Relief Representation, W de<br>
Gruyter (Imhof, E. 1982), copyright © Walter de Gruyter GmbH & C0. KG with K. G. Saur Verlag and Max Niemeyer Verlag; Figure 9.5 adapted from<br>
‘GIS cartography: visual decision support for spatio-temporal data handling’, International Journal of Geographic In?armation Systems, 9(6), pp. 637-645<br>
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